Oct 31, 2012

Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., & Yang, S.-M. (2012). The Criminology of Place. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195369083.001.0001

Criminology / Aug 01, 2011

RATCLIFFE, J. H., TANIGUCHI, T., GROFF, E. R., & WOOD, J. D. (2011). THE PHILADELPHIA FOOT PATROL EXPERIMENT: A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL OF POLICE PATROL EFFECTIVENESS IN VIOLENT CRIME HOTSPOTS*. Criminology, 49(3), 795–831. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00240.x

Journal of Quantitative Criminology / Jan 01, 2010

Groff, E. R., Weisburd, D., & Yang, S.-M. (2010). Is it Important to Examine Crime Trends at a Local “Micro” Level?: A Longitudinal Analysis of Street to Street Variability in Crime Trajectories. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 7–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-009-9081-y

Journal of Quantitative Criminology / Aug 29, 2009

Weisburd, D., Morris, N. A., & Groff, E. R. (2009). Hot Spots of Juvenile Crime: A Longitudinal Study of Arrest Incidents at Street Segments in Seattle, Washington. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25(4), 443–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-009-9075-9

Journal of Quantitative Criminology / Feb 22, 2007

Groff, E. R. (2007). Simulation for Theory Testing and Experimentation: An Example Using Routine Activity Theory and Street Robbery. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 23(2), 75–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-006-9021-z

Security Journal / Mar 07, 2011

Groff, E., & McCord, E. S. (2011). The role of neighborhood parks as crime generators. Security Journal, 25(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2011.1

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency / Dec 18, 2013

Groff, E. R., & Lockwood, B. (2013). Criminogenic Facilities and Crime across Street Segments in Philadelphia. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(3), 277–314. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427813512494

Criminology / Dec 10, 2014

GROFF, E. R., RATCLIFFE, J. H., HABERMAN, C. P., SORG, E. T., JOYCE, N. M., & TAYLOR, R. B. (2014). DOES WHAT POLICE DO AT HOT SPOTS MATTER? THE PHILADELPHIA POLICING TACTICS EXPERIMENT*. Criminology, 53(1), 23–53. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12055

Crime Mapping Case Studies

Groff, E. (n.d.). Simulating Crime to Inform Theory and Practice. Crime Mapping Case Studies, 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470987193.ch16

Prevention Science / Feb 23, 2013

Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., & Yang, S.-M. (2013). Understanding and Controlling Hot Spots of Crime: The Importance of Formal and Informal Social Controls. Prevention Science, 15(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0351-9

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency / Aug 01, 2001

GROFF, E. R., & LA VIGNE, N. G. (2001). Mapping an Opportunity Surface of Residential Burglary. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(3), 257–278. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427801038003003

Dec 31, 2015

Weisburd, D., Eck, J. E., Braga, A. A., Telep, C. W., Cave, B., Bowers, K., Bruinsma, G., Gill, C., Groff, E., Hibdon, J., Hinkle, J. C., Johnson, S. D., Lawton, B., Lum, C., Ratcliffe, J., Rengert, G., Taniguchi, T., & Yang, S.-M. (2015). Place Matters. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139342087

Putting Crime in its Place / Jan 01, 2009

Groff, E., Weisburd, D., & Morris, N. A. (2009). Where the Action Is at Places: Examining Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Juvenile Crime at Places Using Trajectory Analysis and GIS. Putting Crime in Its Place, 61–86. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09688-9_3

Criminology / Feb 01, 2017

WEISBURD, D., BRAGA, A. A., GROFF, E. R., & WOODITCH, A. (2017). CAN HOT SPOTS POLICING REDUCE CRIME IN URBAN AREAS? AN AGENT-BASED SIMULATION*. Criminology, 55(1), 137–173. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9125.12131

Transactions in GIS / Aug 01, 2007

Groff, E. R. (2007). ?Situating? Simulation to Model Human Spatio-Temporal Interactions: An Example Using Crime Events. Transactions in GIS, 11(4), 507–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9671.2007.01058.x

Security Journal / Jan 29, 2008

Groff, E. R. (2008). Adding the Temporal and Spatial Aspects of Routine Activities: A Further Test of Routine Activity Theory. Security Journal, 21(1–2), 95–116. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.sj.8350070

Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology / Aug 01, 2011

Groff, E. (2011). Exploring ‘near’: Characterizing the spatial extent of drinking place influence on crime. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 44(2), 156–179. https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865811405253

Criminology / Dec 19, 2012

Sorg, E. T., Haberman, C. P., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Groff, E. R. (2012). Foot Patrol in Violent Crime Hot Spots: The Longitudinal Impact of Deterrence and Posttreatment Effects of Displacement. Criminology, 51(1), 65–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00290.x

Journal of Experimental Criminology / Apr 19, 2015

Ratcliffe, J. H., Groff, E. R., Sorg, E. T., & Haberman, C. P. (2015). Citizens’ reactions to hot spots policing: impacts on perceptions of crime, disorder, safety and police. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11(3), 393–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9230-2

Journal of Quantitative Criminology / Feb 23, 2018

Groff, E. R., Johnson, S. D., & Thornton, A. (2018). State of the Art in Agent-Based Modeling of Urban Crime: An Overview. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 35(1), 155–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-018-9376-y

Policing and Society / Apr 15, 2013

Wood, J., Sorg, E. T., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Taylor, C. J. (2013). Cops as treatment providers: realities and ironies of police work in a foot patrol experiment. Policing and Society, 24(3), 362–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2013.784292

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice / Oct 13, 2014

Groff, E. R. (2014). Informal Social Control and Crime Events. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31(1), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986214552619

Law and Justice in the Courts of Classical Athens / Feb 27, 2006

The Homicide Courts. (2006). Law and Justice in the Courts of Classical Athens, 75–114. https://doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511497865.004

Crime & Delinquency / Nov 18, 2015

Haberman, C. P., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Sorg, E. T. (2015). Satisfaction With Police in Violent Crime Hot Spots. Crime & Delinquency, 62(4), 525–557. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128713516840

Police Practice and Research / Oct 14, 2013

Wood, J. D., Taylor, C. J., Groff, E. R., & Ratcliffe, J. H. (2013). Aligning policing and public health promotion: insights from the world of foot patrol. Police Practice and Research, 16(3), 211–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/15614263.2013.846982

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency / Apr 28, 2014

Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., & Yang, S.-M. (2014). The Importance of Both Opportunity and Social Disorganization Theory in a Future Research Agenda to Advance Criminological Theory and Crime Prevention at Places. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(4), 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427814530404

Journal of Quantitative Criminology / May 07, 2016

Hibdon, J., Telep, C. W., & Groff, E. R. (2016). The Concentration and Stability of Drug Activity in Seattle, Washington Using Police and Emergency Medical Services Data. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 33(3), 497–517. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-016-9302-0

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency / Nov 08, 2011

Haberman, C. P., Groff, E. R., & Taylor, R. B. (2011). The Variable Impacts of Public Housing Community Proximity on Nearby Street Robberies. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 50(2), 163–188. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427811426335

Journal of Experimental Criminology / Aug 27, 2008

Groff, E., & Mazerolle, L. (2008). Simulated experiments and their potential role in criminology and criminal justice. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 4(3), 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-008-9058-0

Policing Problem Places / Sep 30, 2010

Braga, A. A., & Weisburd, D. L. (2010). The Empirical Evidence for Hot Spots Policing. Policing Problem Places, 99–150. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195341966.003.0004

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency / May 26, 2014

Johnson, S. D., & Groff, E. R. (2014). Strengthening Theoretical Testing in Criminology Using Agent-based Modeling. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(4), 509–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427814531490

Journal of Quantitative Criminology / Dec 17, 2013

Groff, E. R. (2013). Quantifying the Exposure of Street Segments to Drinking Places Nearby. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 30(3), 527–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-013-9213-2

Social Science Computer Review / May 01, 2007

Groff, E. R., & McEwen, T. (2007). Integrating Distance Into Mobility Triangle Typologies. Social Science Computer Review, 25(2), 210–238. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439307298924

Journal of Experimental Criminology / Jun 20, 2015

Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., Jones, G., Cave, B., Amendola, K. L., Yang, S.-M., & Emison, R. F. (2015). The Dallas patrol management experiment: can AVL technologies be used to harness unallocated patrol time for crime prevention? Journal of Experimental Criminology, 11(3), 367–391. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9234-y

Geographic Information Systems and Crime Analysis / Jan 01, 2005

Groff, E., & McEwen, J. T. (2005). Disaggregating the Journey to Homicide. Geographic Information Systems and Crime Analysis, 60–83. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59140-453-8.ch004

Journal of Experimental Criminology / Apr 01, 2005

Groff, E. R., Kearley, B., Fogg, H., Beatty, P., Couture, H., & Wartell, J. (2005). A randomized experimental study of sharing crime data with citizens: Do maps produce more fear? Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1(1), 87–115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-004-6465-8

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency / Feb 20, 2014

Sorg, E. T., Wood, J. D., Groff, E. R., & Ratcliffe, J. H. (2014). Boundary Adherence during Place-based Policing Evaluations. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(3), 377–393. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427814523789

Policing / Jan 01, 2008

Groff, E., & Birks, D. (2008). Simulating Crime Prevention Strategies: A Look at the Possibilities. Policing, 2(2), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1093/police/pan020

Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice / Mar 28, 2014

Hibdon, J., & Groff, E. R. (2014). What You Find Depends on Where You Look. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2), 169–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986214525077

PLOS ONE / Mar 26, 2015

Kounadi, O., Lampoltshammer, T. J., Groff, E., Sitko, I., & Leitner, M. (2015). Exploring Twitter to Analyze the Public’s Reaction Patterns to Recently Reported Homicides in London. PLOS ONE, 10(3), e0121848. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121848

Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management / Mar 01, 2013

Groff, E. R., Johnson, L., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Wood, J. (2013). Exploring the relationship between foot and car patrol in violent crime areas. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 36(1), 119–139. https://doi.org/10.1108/13639511311302506

Crime & Delinquency / Jun 23, 2017

Askey, A. P., Taylor, R., Groff, E., & Fingerhut, A. (2017). Fast Food Restaurants and Convenience Stores: Using Sales Volume to Explain Crime Patterns in Seattle. Crime & Delinquency, 64(14), 1836–1857. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128717714792

Mapping and Analysing Crime Data / Apr 26, 2001

The evolution of crime mapping in the United States: from the descriptive to the analytic. (2001). Mapping and Analysing Crime Data, 235–254. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781482268256-25

Journal of Criminal Justice / Sep 01, 2019

Taylor, R. B., Haberman, C. P., & Groff, E. R. (2019). Urban park crime: Neighborhood context and park features. Journal of Criminal Justice, 64, 101622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2019.101622

Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space / Jan 01, 2014

Groff, E. R., Taylor, R. B., Elesh, D. B., McGovern, J., & Johnson, L. (2014). Permeability across a Metropolitan Area: Conceptualizing and Operationalizing a Macrolevel Crime Pattern Theory. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 46(1), 129–152. https://doi.org/10.1068/a45702

Artificial Crime Analysis Systems / Jan 01, 2008

Groff, E. (2008). Characterizing the Spatio-Temporal Aspects of Routine Activities and the Geographic Distribution of Street Robbery. Artificial Crime Analysis Systems, 226–251. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-591-7.ch012

Educational Innovations and Emerging Technologies / Nov 20, 2021

Cabrera, L., Byrne, V., Jass Ketelhut, D., Coenraad, M., Killen, H., & Plane, J. (2021). Measuring Teacher Self-Efficacy for Integrating Computational Thinking in Science (T-SelECTS). Educational Innovations and Emerging Technologies, 1(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.35745/eiet2021v01.01.0002

Oxford Music Online / Jan 01, 2001

Rape guero. (2001). Oxford Music Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.22898

ICPSR Data Holdings / Aug 05, 2013

Weisburd, D., Groff, E., & Yang, S.-M. (2013). Explaining Developmental Crime Trajectories at Places: A Study of “Crime Waves” and “Crime Drops” at Micro Units of Geography in Seattle, Washington, 1989-2004. ICPSR Data Holdings. https://doi.org/10.3886/icpsr28161

Crime Modeling and Mapping Using Geospatial Technologies / Nov 26, 2012

Groff, E. (2012). Measuring a Place’s Exposure to Facilities Using Geoprocessing Models: An Illustration Using Drinking Places and Crime. Crime Modeling and Mapping Using Geospatial Technologies, 269–295. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4997-9_12

Security Journal / Jan 20, 2014

Randa, R. (2014). Residential burglary: How the urban environment and our lifestyles play a contributing role. Security Journal, 28(3), 326–328. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2012.43

Criminal Justice Review / Dec 03, 2018

Ratcliffe, J. H., & Groff, E. R. (2018). A Longitudinal Quasi-Experimental Study of Violence and Disorder Impacts of Urban CCTV Camera Clusters. Criminal Justice Review, 44(2), 148–164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016818811917

GIS in Law Enforcement / Nov 07, 2002

How law enforcement agencies can make geographic information technologies work for them. (2002). GIS in Law Enforcement, 19–24. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203217955-6

PsycEXTRA Dataset / Jan 01, 1999

(1999). Seattle Study Encouraging. PsycEXTRA Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/e406752005-003

Security Journal / Feb 24, 2014

Tower, S. M., & Groff, E. (2014). Examining the disorder–crime connection in Philadelphia parks. Security Journal, 29(3), 520–537. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2014.1

PsycTESTS Dataset / Jan 01, 2016

Haberman, C. P., Groff, E. R., Ratcliffe, J. H., & Sorg, E. T. (2016). Perception of Crime Scale. PsycTESTS Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/t59474-000

Criminal Justice Review / Dec 03, 2018

Wood, J. D., & Groff, E. R. (2018). Reimagining Guardians and Guardianship With the Advent of Body Worn Cameras. Criminal Justice Review, 44(1), 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734016818814895

The Australian Medico-Legal Handbook / Jan 01, 2008

Law enforcement agencies. (2008). The Australian Medico-Legal Handbook, 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7295-3760-5.50019-7

Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice / Feb 23, 2009

Appendix C. (2009). Constitutional Law and Criminal Justice, 337–352. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15798-17

Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention / Jan 01, 2010

Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI). (2010). Encyclopedia of Victimology and Crime Prevention. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412979993.n308

Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies / Jun 01, 2017

Groff, E. R. (2017). Measuring the Influence of the Built Environment on Crime at Street Segments. Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies, 15(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrls/jlx005

Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies / Jun 01, 2017

Weisburd, D., Groff, E. R., & Yang, S.-M. (2017). The Criminology of Place: Key Contributions and Commentary. Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies, 15(1), 61–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrls/jlx015

Criminal Justice Studies / Jan 02, 2023

Mrozla, T., & Pieper, H. (2023). Police body-worn camera footage: Attitudes toward the public right to view and police communication. Criminal Justice Studies, 36(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1478601x.2023.2169826

Journal of Urban Affairs / Oct 01, 2015

Lockwood, B., Groff, E. R., Rengert, G. F., & Grunwald, H. E. (2015). The Relationship between Social Distance and Treatment Attrition for Juvenile Offenders. Journal of Urban Affairs, 37(4), 462–477. https://doi.org/10.1111/juaf.12154

Journal of Criminal Justice / May 01, 2015

Johnson, L. T., Taylor, R. B., & Groff, E. R. (2015). Metropolitan local crime clusters: Structural concentration effects and the systemic model. Journal of Criminal Justice, 43(3), 186–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2015.03.002

Police Practice and Research / May 01, 2004

Beckman, K. A., Wyckoff, L., Groff, E. R., & Beatty, P. D. (2004). Trends in Police Research: A Cross‐Sectional Analysis of the 2001 Literature. Police Practice and Research, 5(2), 165–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/156142604200190306

Agent-Based Modelling for Criminological Theory Testing and Development / Nov 29, 2020

Groff, E. R., & Badham, J. (2020). Examining guardianship against theft. Agent-Based Modelling for Criminological Theory Testing and Development, 71–103. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429277177-4

The Criminal Act / Jan 01, 2015

Rengert, G., Lockwood, B., & Groff, E. R. (2015). Burglary in a Segregated City: Race of Offenders and Community of Offending. The Criminal Act, 214–239. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137391322_15

ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 papers / Aug 01, 2008

Chen, G., Esch, G., Wonka, P., Müller, P., & Zhang, E. (2008). Interactive procedural street modeling. ACM SIGGRAPH 2008 Papers. https://doi.org/10.1145/1399504.1360702

Journal of Criminal Justice / Jul 01, 2021

Groff, E. R., Ward, J. T., & Wartell, J. (2021). Tracing the effects of reducing penalties on crime and prosecution. Journal of Criminal Justice, 75, 101831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2021.101831

Oxford Handbooks Online / Feb 05, 2018

Groff, E. R. (2018). Do We Really Need Collective Social Process to Understand Why Crime Occurs and Offenders Commit Crime? Oxford Handbooks Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190279707.013.4

Design Engineering / Jan 01, 2002

Letherwood, M. D., & Gunter, D. D. (2002). Spatial, Multibody Modeling and Vehicle Dynamics Analysis of an Interim Armored Vehicle. Design Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-32962

ICPSR Data Holdings / Feb 16, 2001

(2001). Use of Computerized Crime Mapping by Law Enforcement in the United States, 1997-1998. ICPSR Data Holdings. https://doi.org/10.3886/icpsr02878.v3

ICPSR Data Holdings / Dec 07, 2007

Bynum, T. S. (2007). Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSI) Research Partnership in Detroit, Michigan, 1999-2003. ICPSR Data Holdings. https://doi.org/10.3886/icpsr20353.v1

Regional Science Policy & Practice / Jan 15, 2023

Lan, M. (2023). Understanding crime and place: A methods handbook. By Elizabeth R.Groff and Cory P.Haberman, 2023. Temple University press, Philadelphia, PA 19122. Paper ISBN: 978‐1‐4399‐2067‐1. Regional Science Policy & Practice. Portico. https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12622

Crime and Justice / Jul 01, 2020

Jacobs, J. B. (2020). The Rise and Fall of Organized Crime in the United States. Crime and Justice, 49, 17–67. https://doi.org/10.1086/706895

Science / Jan 19, 2018

AAAS 2018 Annual Meeting Program. (2018). Science, 359(6373), 349–358. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.359.6373.349

The Concise Dictionary of Crime and Justice / Jan 01, 2002

Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR). (2002). The Concise Dictionary of Crime and Justice. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452229300.n1014

Envisioning Criminology / Jan 01, 2015

Groff, E. R. (2015). Practitioner to Academic: An Interdisciplinary View from Both Sides of the Looking Glass. Envisioning Criminology, 227–232. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15868-6_24

Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency / Feb 01, 2011

Maxfield, M., Rengert, G., Groff, E., & Eck, J. (2011). From the Editor. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(1), 3–6. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427810396680

University of Illinois Press / Apr 20, 2017

Bauman, T. (2017). The Temple of Music. University of Illinois Press. https://doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038365.003.0002

Oxford Handbooks Online / Jun 06, 2017

Birks, D. (2017). Simulating Crime Event Decision Making. Oxford Handbooks Online. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199338801.013.27

Journal of Experimental Criminology / Nov 07, 2019

Groff, E. R., Haberman, C., & Wood, J. D. (2019). The effects of body-worn cameras on police-citizen encounters and police activity: evaluation of a pilot implementation in Philadelphia, PA. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 16(4), 463–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-019-09383-0

Police Quarterly / Feb 14, 2019

Groff, E., & Taniguchi, T. (2019). Quantifying Crime Prevention Potential of Near-Repeat Burglary. Police Quarterly, 22(3), 330–359. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098611119828052

Journal of Experimental Criminology / Jan 26, 2019

Groff, E., & Taniguchi, T. (2019). Using citizen notification to interrupt near-repeat residential burglary patterns: the micro-level near-repeat experiment. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 15(2), 115–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-018-09350-1

Justice Quarterly / Nov 04, 2016

Sorg, E. T., Wood, J. D., Groff, E. R., & Ratcliffe, J. H. (2016). Explaining Dosage Diffusion During Hot Spot Patrols: An Application of Optimal Foraging Theory to Police Officer Behavior. Justice Quarterly, 34(6), 1044–1068. https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2016.1244286