**Lawrence A. Klein** received a Bachelor of Electrical Engineering degree from the City College of New York in 1963, an M.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Rochester in 1966, and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from New York University in 1973. Dr. Klein is a member of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) 03-145 Panel to develop guidance for the National Traffic Sensor System Evaluation Program and the 08-157 Panel to determine Best Practices for Data Fusion of Probe and Point Detector Data. He is a past member of the Transportation Research Board’s Highway Traffic Monitoring and Freeway Operations Committees. He led ASTM’s E17 Group V-ITS in developing worldwide standards to specify, install, and evaluate traffic flow sensors. At the French Institute of Science and Technology in Transportation, Planning, and Networks (IFSTTAR) in Bron, France, Dr. Klein lectured at EPFL-LAVOC (Swiss Laboratory of Traffic Facilities at Lausanne Federal Institute of Technology) in Lausanne, Switzerland, and at the EU-sponsored Real-Time Road Traffic Monitoring and Control Summer Workshop. He was also a Visiting Professor at the Harbin Institute of Technology, School of Transportation Engineering and Science, Harbin, China for several years. At Waveband Corporation he served as Director of Advanced Technology Programs. While at Hughes Aircraft Company, he was Principal Investigator on the FHWA Detection Technology for IVHS (later ITS) Program. As Chief Scientist at Aerojet ElectroSystems (TAMS Division), he was responsible for programs that integrated active and passive millimeter-wave and infrared multispectral sensors in satellites and smart "fire-and-forget" weapons. At Honeywell, he developed passive millimeter-wave midcourse missile guidance systems and millimeter-wave sensors to trigger land mines. His books include *Traffic Flow Sensors:* *Technologies, Operating Principles, and Archetypes* (2020), *Sensor and Data Fusion for Intelligent Transportation Systems* (2019), *ITS Sensors and Architectures for Traffic Management and Connected Vehicles* (2018), *Sensor and Data Fusion: A Tool for Information Assessment and Decision Making* (2004, 2012), *Traffic Detector Handbook, 3rd Ed.* (2006), *Sensor Technologies and Data Requirements for ITS* (2001), and *Millimeter-Wave and Infrared Multi-sensor Design and Signal Processing* (1997).

Lawrence A. Klein, Ph.D.

Sensor and Data Fusion

Southern California

Research Expertise

Mechanical Engineering

Computer Science Applications

Automotive Engineering

Aerospace Engineering

Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering

Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Mechanics of Materials

Civil and Structural Engineering

Urban Studies

Geography, Planning and Development

Transportation

About

Publications

Roadside Sensors for Traffic Management

IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine / Jan 01, 2024

Klein, L. A. (2024). Roadside Sensors for Traffic Management. IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, 2–26. https://doi.org/10.1109/mits.2023.3346842

Traffic Flow Sensors: Technologies, Operating Principles, and Archetypes

Traffic Flow Sensors: Technologies, Operating Principles, and Archetypes / Jun 12, 2020

Klein, L. A. (2020). Traffic Flow Sensors: Technologies, Operating Principles, and Archetypes. In Traffic Flow Sensors: Technologies, Operating Principles, and Archetypes. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2566571.ch1

Introduction

Sensor and Data Fusion for Intelligent Transportation Systems / Jun 26, 2019

Klein, L. A. (2019). Introduction. In Sensor and Data Fusion for Intelligent Transportation Systems. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/3.2525400.ch1

Connected vehicles

ITS Sensors and Architectures for Traffic Management and Connected Vehicles / Aug 07, 2017

Klein, L. A. (2017). Connected vehicles. In ITS Sensors and Architectures for Traffic Management and Connected Vehicles (pp. 293–366). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315206905-12

Data Fusion in Intelligent Traffic and Transportation Engineering Recent Advances and Challenges

Multisensor Data Fusion / Dec 19, 2017

El Faouzi, N.-E., & Klein, L. A. (2017). Data Fusion in Intelligent Traffic and Transportation Engineering Recent Advances and Challenges. In Multisensor Data Fusion (pp. 563–594). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b18851-32

Sensor and Data Fusion: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Appli- Eddin El Faouzi

Handbook on Soft Computing for Video Surveillance / Jan 25, 2012

Sensor and Data Fusion: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Appli- Eddin El Faouzi. (2012). In Handbook on Soft Computing for Video Surveillance (pp. 155–200). Chapman and Hall/CRC. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11631-10

Sensor and Data Fusion: A Tool for Information Assessment and Decision Making, Second Edition

Sep 27, 2012

Klein, L. A. (2012). Sensor and Data Fusion: A Tool for Information Assessment and Decision Making, Second Edition. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/3.928035

An improved model for the dielectric constant of sea water at microwave frequencies

IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation / Jan 01, 1977

Klein, L., & Swift, C. (1977). An improved model for the dielectric constant of sea water at microwave frequencies. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 25(1), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.1977.1141539

Multiple-Sensor System Applications, Benefits, and Design Considerations

Sensor and Data Fusion: A Tool for Information Assessment and Decision Making, Second Edition

Multiple-Sensor System Applications, Benefits, and Design Considerations. (n.d.). In Sensor and Data Fusion: A Tool for Information Assessment and Decision Making, Second Edition. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1117/3.928035.ch2

A Boolean algebra approach to multiple sensor voting fusion

IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems / Apr 01, 1993

Klein, L. A. (1993). A Boolean algebra approach to multiple sensor voting fusion. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 29(2), 317–327. https://doi.org/10.1109/7.210070

Processing requirements for multisensor low-cost brilliant munitions

IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems / Jan 01, 1993

Klein, L. A., & Kassis, S. Y. (1993). Processing requirements for multisensor low-cost brilliant munitions. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 29(4), 1084–1094. https://doi.org/10.1109/7.259513

IVHS ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION PROCESS

I V H S Journal / Jan 01, 1993

Klein, L. A., Rantowich, N. A., Jacoby, C. C., & Mingrone, J. (1993). IVHS ARCHITECTURE DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION PROCESS. I V H S Journal, 1(1), 13–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/10248079308903780

Traffic parameter measurement technology evaluation

Proceedings of VNIS '93 - Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference

Klein, L. A. (n.d.). Traffic parameter measurement technology evaluation. Proceedings of VNIS ’93 - Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/vnis.1993.585688

Calculating the benefit of multiple element traffic management architecture

Proceedings of VNIS '93 - Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference

Klein, L. A. (n.d.). Calculating the benefit of multiple element traffic management architecture. Proceedings of VNIS ’93 - Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems Conference. https://doi.org/10.1109/vnis.1993.585629

Evaluation of Overhead and In-Ground Vehicle Detector Technologies for Traffic Flow Measurement

Journal of Testing and Evaluation / Mar 01, 1997

Klein, L., Kelley, M., & Mills, M. (1997). Evaluation of Overhead and In-Ground Vehicle Detector Technologies for Traffic Flow Measurement. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 25(2), 205–214. https://doi.org/10.1520/jte11480j

Evaluation of Mobile Surveillance and Wireless Communication Systems Field Operational Test

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board / Jan 01, 1999

Mastako, K. A., & Klein, L. A. (1999). Evaluation of Mobile Surveillance and Wireless Communication Systems Field Operational Test. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1683(1), 14–21. https://doi.org/10.3141/1683-03

Evaluation of Infrared and Millimeter-wave Imaging Technologies Applied to Traffic Management

SAE Technical Paper Series / Mar 06, 2000

Maccarley, C. A., Hemme, B. M., & Klein, L. (2000, March 6). Evaluation of Infrared and Millimeter-wave Imaging Technologies Applied to Traffic Management. SAE Technical Paper Series. https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-1303

Decision Support System for Advanced Traffic Management Through Data Fusion

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board / Jan 01, 2002

Klein, L. A., Yi, P., & Teng, H. (2002). Decision Support System for Advanced Traffic Management Through Data Fusion. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1804(1), 173–178. https://doi.org/10.3141/1804-23

Improving Travel Time Estimates from Inductive Loop and Toll Collection Data with Dempster–Shafer Data Fusion

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board / Jan 01, 2009

El Faouzi, N.-E., Klein, L. A., & De Mouzon, O. (2009). Improving Travel Time Estimates from Inductive Loop and Toll Collection Data with Dempster–Shafer Data Fusion. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2129(1), 73–80. https://doi.org/10.3141/2129-09

Data Fusion for ITS: Techniques and Research Needs

Transportation Research Procedia / Jan 01, 2016

Faouzi, N.-E. E., & Klein, L. A. (2016). Data Fusion for ITS: Techniques and Research Needs. Transportation Research Procedia, 15, 495–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.06.042

<title>Evaluation of traffic detection technologies for IVHS</title>

SPIE Proceedings / Jan 06, 1995

Klein, L. A., Kelley, M. R., & Mills, M. K. (1995). <title>Evaluation of traffic detection technologies for IVHS</title> In R. J. Becherer (Ed.), Intelligent Vehicle Highway Systems. SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.198934

Education

City College of New York

B.E.E., Electrical engineering / January, 1963

New York, New York, United States of America

University of Rochester

M.S., Bio-medical engineering / June, 1966

Rochester, New York, United States of America

New York University

Ph.D., Electrophysics, electrical engineering, plasma physics / June, 1973

New York, New York, United States of America

Links & Social Media

ORCID

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