Timothy Swager

Professor and Inventor

Research Expertise

Chemistry and Materials Science

About

![]()![]()Timothy M. Swager is the John D. MacArthur Professor of Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A native of Montana, he received a BS from Montana State University in 1983 and a Ph.D. from the California Institute of Technology in 1988.  After a postdoctoral appointment at MIT he was on the chemistry faculty at the University of Pennsylvania 1990-1996 and returned to MIT in 1996 as a Professor of Chemistry and served as the Head of Chemistry from 2005-2010.  He has published more than 550 peer-reviewed papers and more than 130 issued/pending patents. Swager’s honors include: Election to the National Academy of Sciences, an Honorary Doctorate from Montana State University, National Academy of Inventors Fellow, The Pauling Medal, The Lemelson-MIT Award for Invention and Innovation, Election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, The American Chemical Society Award for Creative Invention, The American Chemical Society Award in Polymer Chemistry, The Christopher Columbus Foundation Homeland Security Award, and The Carl S. Marvel Creative Polymer Chemistry Award (ACS). Swager’s research interests focus on soft materials and polymers for the design, synthesis, and study of organic-electronic, sensory, energy harvesting, membrane, high-strength, liquid crystalline, and colloid materials.  His liquid crystal designs demonstrated shape complementarity to generate specific interactions between molecules and includes fundamental mechanisms for increasing liquid crystal order by a new mechanism referred to as minimization of free volume. Swager’s research in electronic polymers has been mainly directed at the demonstration of new conceptual approaches to the construction of sensory materials.  These methods are the basis of the FidoTM explosives detectors (FLIR Systems Inc), which have the highest sensitivity of any explosives sensor.   Other areas actively investigated by the Swager group include radicals for dynamic nuclear polarization, applications of nano-carbon materials, organic photovoltaic materials, polymer actuators, separation membranes, and luminescent molecular probes for medical diagnostics.  He has (co)founded seven companies (DyNuPol, Iptyx, PolyJoule, C­2 Sense, ArO-X, MoxAir, and Xibus Systems) and has served on a number of corporate and government boards.

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Publications

Chemical Sensors Based on Amplifying Fluorescent Conjugated Polymers
Chemical Reviews
2007
Conjugated Polymer-Based Chemical Sensors
Chemical Reviews
2000
Fluorescent Porous Polymer Films as TNT Chemosensors:  Electronic and Structural Effects
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1998
The Molecular Wire Approach to Sensory Signal Amplification
Accounts of Chemical Research
1998
Carbon Nanotube Chemical Sensors
Chemical Reviews
2018
Fluorescent Chemosensors Based on Energy Migration in Conjugated Polymers: The Molecular Wire Approach to Increased Sensitivity
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1995
Cu3(hexaiminotriphenylene)2: An Electrically Conductive 2D Metal–Organic Framework for Chemiresistive Sensing
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2015
Sensitivity gains in chemosensing by lasing action in organic polymers
Nature
2005
Emerging Applications of Carbon Nanotubes
Chemistry of Materials
2010
Chemiresistive Sensor Arrays from Conductive 2D Metal–Organic Frameworks
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2015
Discrete Intensity Jumps and Intramolecular Electronic Energy Transfer in the Spectroscopy of Single Conjugated Polymer Molecules
Science
1997
High Frequency Dynamic Nuclear Polarization
Accounts of Chemical Research
2013
TOTAPOL: A Biradical Polarizing Agent for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Experiments in Aqueous Media
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2006
Control of conformational and interpolymer effects in conjugated polymers
Nature
2001
Polymer‐Based Photonic Crystals
Advanced Materials
2001
Detection of Bacteria with Carbohydrate-Functionalized Fluorescent Polymers
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2004
Fluorescent Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents:  Functional Group Specific Ratiometric Chemosensors
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2003
Method for enhancing the sensitivity of fluorescent chemosensors: energy migration in conjugated polymers
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1995
A transferable model for singlet-fission kinetics
Nature Chemistry
2014
Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence and Aggregation Induced Emission with Through-Space Charge Transfer
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2017
Iptycenes in the Design of High Performance Polymers
Accounts of Chemical Research
2008
Carbon Nanotube/Polythiophene Chemiresistive Sensors for Chemical Warfare Agents
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2008
Conducting Polymetallorotaxanes:  Metal Ion Mediated Enhancements in Conductivity and Charge Localization
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1997
Fluorescence Studies of Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s: The Effect of Anthracene Substitution
The Journal of Physical Chemistry
1995
Selective Detection of Ethylene Gas Using Carbon Nanotube‐based Devices: Utility in Determination of Fruit Ripeness
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2012
A Fluorescent Self‐Amplifying Wavelength‐Responsive Sensory Polymer for Fluoride Ions
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2003
Dynamic Nuclear Polarization with Biradicals
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2004
In Vivo Optical Imaging of Amyloid Aggregates in Brain: Design of Fluorescent Markers
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2005
Conjugated Amplifying Polymers for Optical Sensing Applications
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
2013
Dynamically reconfigurable complex emulsions via tunable interfacial tensions
Nature
2015
Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Materials Based on Homoconjugation Effect of Donor–Acceptor Triptycenes
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2015
Designing conducting polymer-based sensors: selective ionochromic response in crown ether-containing polythiophenes
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1993
50th Anniversary Perspective: Conducting/Semiconducting Conjugated Polymers. A Personal Perspective on the Past and the Future
Macromolecules
2017
Directed Electrophilic Cyclizations:  Efficient Methodology for the Synthesis of Fused Polycyclic Aromatics
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1997
Transition Metals in Polymeric π‐Conjugated Organic Frameworks
Progress in Inorganic Chemistry
1999
Sensory Responses in Solution vs Solid State:  A Fluorescence Quenching Study of Poly(iptycenebutadiynylene)s
Macromolecules
2005
Signal Amplification of a “Turn-On” Sensor:  Harvesting the Light Captured by a Conjugated Polymer
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2000
Contrasting European and US Patent Laws: Issues for the Pharmaceutical Industry
The SAGE Handbook of Healthcare
2008
Synthesis and Application of Poly(phenylene Ethynylene)s for Bioconjugation:  A Conjugated Polymer-Based Fluorogenic Probe for Proteases
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2005
A Highly Selective Fluorescent Probe for Thiol Bioimaging
Organic Letters
2007
Molecular Design of Free Volume as a Route to Low-κ Dielectric Materials
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2003
Synthesis of Diacetylene Macrocycles Derived from 1,2-Diethynyl Benzene Derivatives: Structure and Reactivity of the Strained Cyclic Dimer
The Journal of Organic Chemistry
1994
A Poly(p-phenyleneethynylene) with a Highly Emissive Aggregated Phase
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2000
Conducting metallopolymers: the roles of molecular architecture and redox matching
Chemical Communications
2005
Fused Polycyclic Aromatics via Electrophile-Induced Cyclization Reactions: Application to the Synthesis of Graphite Ribbons
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1994
Nanowire Chemical/Biological Sensors: Status and a Roadmap for the Future
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2015
Ion-Specific Aggregation in Conjugated Polymers: Highly Sensitive and Selective Fluorescent Ion Chemosensors
Angewandte Chemie
2000
Ionoresistivity as a highly sensitive sensory probe: investigations of polythiophenes functionalized with calix[4]arene-based ion receptors
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1995
Conducting Polymetallorotaxanes:  A Supramolecular Approach to Transition Metal Ion Sensors
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1996
A Fluorescence Turn-On Mechanism to Detect High Explosives RDX and PETN
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2007
Photoluminescence in pyridine-based polymers: Role of aggregates
Physical Review B
1996
Columnar Liquid Crystallinity and Mechanochromism in Cationic Platinum(II) Complexes
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2014
Overhauser effects in insulating solids
The Journal of Chemical Physics
2014
High-frequency dynamic nuclear polarization using biradicals: A multifrequency EPR lineshape analysis
The Journal of Chemical Physics
2008
Rigid bowlic liquid crystals based on tungsten-oxo calix[4]arenes: host-guest effects and head-to-tail organization
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1993
Synthesis and Mesomorphic Properties of Rigid-Core Ionic Liquid Crystals
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2007
Mechanical Drawing of Gas Sensors on Paper
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2012
Probing Substituent Effects in Aryl−Aryl Interactions Using Stereoselective Diels−Alder Cycloadditions
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2010
Electroactivity Enhancement by Redox Matching in Cobalt Salen-Based Conducting Polymers
Advanced Materials
1998
Design of chemoresistive sensory materials: polythiophene-based pseudopolyrotaxanes
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1995
Oxidative Cyclization of Bis(biaryl)acetylenes:  Synthesis and Photophysics of Dibenzo[g,p]chrysene-Based Fluorescent Polymers
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2001
Using novel fluorescent polymers as sensory materials for above-ground sensing of chemical signature compounds emanating from buried landmines
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
2001
Probing a Conjugated Polymer's Transfer of Organization-Dependent Properties from Solutions to Films
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2006
Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube/Metalloporphyrin Composites for the Chemiresistive Detection of Amines and Meat Spoilage
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2015
Enhanced Electrochemical Expansion of Graphite for in Situ Electrochemical Functionalization
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2012
Supercapacitors from Free-Standing Polypyrrole/Graphene Nanocomposites
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
2013
Exciplex emission in bilayer polymer light-emitting devices
Applied Physics Letters
1997
Anthryl-Doped Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as Aggregation-Based Sensors for Nonquenching Multicationic Analytes
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2007
Design of conducting redox polymers: A polythiophene‐Ru(bipy)3;n⊕Hybrid Material
Advanced Materials
1996
Effect of Phase Retardation on Defect‐Mode Lasing in Polymeric Cholesteric Liquid Crystals
Advanced Materials
2004
Triptycene Polyimides: Soluble Polymers with High Thermal Stability and Low Refractive Indices
Macromolecules
2011
Energy Migration in a Poly(phenylene ethynylene):  Determination of Interpolymer Transport in Anisotropic Langmuir−Blodgett Films
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1999
Spray‐Layer‐by‐Layer Carbon Nanotube/Electrospun Fiber Electrodes for Flexible Chemiresistive Sensor Applications
Advanced Functional Materials
2013
Syntheses of Soluble, π-Stacking Tetracene Derivatives
Organic Letters
2005
Strained rings as a source of unsaturation: polybenzvalene, a new soluble polyacetylene precursor
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1988
Minimization of Internal Molecular Free Volume:  A Mechanism for the Simultaneous Enhancement of Polymer Stiffness, Strength, and Ductility
Macromolecules
2006
Recent progress and perspectives of gas sensors based on vertically oriented ZnO nanomaterials
Advances in Colloid and Interface Science
2019
Rapid prototyping of carbon-based chemiresistive gas sensors on paper
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2013
Multiphoton Fluorescence Quenching of Conjugated Polymers for TNT Detection
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C
2008
Blue electroluminescent devices based on soluble poly(p-pyridine)
Journal of Applied Physics
1995
Three-Dimensional Electronic Delocalization in Chiral Conjugated Polymers
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2002
Conjugation Enhancement of Intramolecular Exciton Migration in Poly(p-phenylene ethynylene)s
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2005
Amplifying fluorescent polymer sensors for the explosives taggant 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB)
Chemical Communications
2005
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube–Metalloporphyrin Chemiresistive Gas Sensor Arrays for Volatile Organic Compounds
Chemistry of Materials
2015
Equilibrium Flexibility of a Rigid Linear Conjugated Polymer
Macromolecules
1996
Wireless gas detection with a smartphone via rf communication
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2014
Reconfigurable and responsive droplet-based compound micro-lenses
Nature Communications
2017
Minimization of Free Volume: Alignment of Triptycenes in Liquid Crystals and Stretched Polymers
Advanced Materials
2001
Two-Dimensional Conjugated Polymer Assemblies:  Interchain Spacing for Control of Photophysics
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2000
How doping a cholesteric liquid crystal with polymeric dye improves an order parameter and makes possible low threshold lasing
Journal of Applied Physics
2003
Allosteric Fluoride Anion Recognition by a Doubly Strapped Porphyrin
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
2001
An Organic Chemist’s Guide to N-Nitrosamines: Their Structure, Reactivity, and Role as Contaminants
The Journal of Organic Chemistry
2021
Improving the Performance of P3HT–Fullerene Solar Cells with Side-Chain-Functionalized Poly(thiophene) Additives: A New Paradigm for Polymer Design
ACS Nano
2012
Fabrication of Free‐standing, Conductive, and Transparent Carbon Nanotube Films
Advanced Materials
2008
Dark-Field Oxidative Addition-Based Chemosensing:  New Bis-cyclometalated Pt(II) Complexes and Phosphorescent Detection of Cyanogen Halides
Journal of the American Chemical Society
2006
Polythiophene Hybrids of Transition-Metal Bis(salicylidenimine)s:  Correlation between Structure and Electronic Properties
Journal of the American Chemical Society
1999
Smart optical probes for near-infrared fluorescence imaging of Alzheimer’s disease pathology
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
2008
Cobalt Porphyrin Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Oxygen Reduction
Chemistry of Materials
2009
Epoxy functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for improved adhesives
Carbon
2013
Electroluminescent properties of self‐assembled polymer thin films
Advanced Materials
1995

Education

Ph.D., Chemistry / May, 1988

Passadena

Experience

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

John D. MacArthur Professor of Chemistry / July, 1996Present

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